{"id":31624,"date":"2025-11-05T16:30:00","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T15:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/affray\/"},"modified":"2025-11-24T20:16:18","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T19:16:18","slug":"affray","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/affray\/","title":{"rendered":"Affray"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-table-of-contents yoast-table-of-contents\"><h2>Affray<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"#h-raufhandel\" data-level=\"2\">Affray<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-objektiver-tatbestand\" data-level=\"2\">objective elements of the offence<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-prufungsschritte\" data-level=\"3\">Steps of legal assessment<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-qualifizierende-umstande\" data-level=\"3\">Qualifying circumstances<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-abgrenzung-zu-anderen-delikten\" data-level=\"2\">Distinction from other offences<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-wichtige-abgrenzung\" data-level=\"3\">Important Distinction:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-beweislast-amp-beweiswurdigung\" data-level=\"2\">Burden of proof and evaluation of evidence<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-praxisbeispiele\" data-level=\"2\">Practical example<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-subjektiver-tatbestand\" data-level=\"2\">subjective elements of the offence<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-schuld-amp-irrtumer\" data-level=\"2\">Culpability and mistakes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-strafaufhebung-amp-diversion\" data-level=\"2\">Extinction of punishment and diversion<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-rucktritt-vom-versuch\" data-level=\"3\">Withdrawal from Attempt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-diversion\" data-level=\"3\">Diversion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-strafzumessung-amp-folgen\" data-level=\"2\">Sentencing and consequences<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-strafrahmen\" data-level=\"2\">Penalty range<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-geldstrafe-tagessatzsystem\" data-level=\"2\">Monetary penalty \u2013 Day-fine system<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-freiheitsstrafe-amp-teil-bedingte-nachsicht\" data-level=\"2\">Imprisonment and (partially) suspended sentence<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-zustandigkeit-der-gerichte\" data-level=\"2\">Jurisdiction of the courts<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-sachliche-zustandigkeit\" data-level=\"3\">Subject-matter jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-ortliche-zustandigkeit\" data-level=\"3\">Local jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-instanzenzug\" data-level=\"3\">Hierarchy of courts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-zivilanspruche-im-strafverfahren\" data-level=\"2\">Civil claims in criminal proceedings<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-strafverfahren-im-uberblick\" data-level=\"2\">Overview of criminal proceedings<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-beschuldigtenrechte\" data-level=\"2\">Rights of the accused<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-praxis-amp-verhaltenstipps\" data-level=\"2\">Practical guidance and behavioural advice<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-ihre-vorteile-mit-anwaltlicher-unterstutzung\" data-level=\"2\">Your Benefits with Legal Assistance<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-faq-haufig-gestellte-fragen\" data-level=\"2\">FAQ &#8211; Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-raufhandel\">Affray<\/h2>\n\n<p>Affray, as defined by<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296&amp;FassungVom=2025-11-05&amp;Artikel=&amp;Paragraf=91&amp;Anlage=&amp;Uebergangsrecht=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <strong>\u00a7 91 of the Criminal Code<\/strong><\/a>, is a <strong>physical altercation involving mutual acts of violence<\/strong>, in which <strong>at least three persons<\/strong> are involved. Participation is punishable as soon as <strong>an injury or the death of a participant<\/strong> occurs and it <strong>cannot be ruled out<\/strong> that one&#8217;s own contribution played a part. It does not concern a fair duel or mere bystander presence, but rather <strong>unclear group violence<\/strong>, where individual contributions to causation are often difficult to ascertain. The objective of criminal law is the <strong>protection of physical integrity<\/strong> and the <strong>sanctioning of behavior that promotes escalation<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-3019fe8e alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-32585033\">\n<p>Affray is a <strong>mutual fight<\/strong> between <strong>at least three persons<\/strong> resulting in <strong>injury or death<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-45819ab6\"><picture>\n\t\t<source srcset=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-352x198.webp\" >\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-picture-small\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel.webp\" alt=\"Affray as defined by \u00a7 91 of the Criminal Code explained. When a fight is punishable and what consequences may arise in case of injury or death.\" >\n\t<\/picture>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/ueber-uns\/rechtsanwalt-peter-harlander\/\" title=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/ph100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Peter Harlander<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Rechtsanw\u00e4lte<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eEntscheidend sind Beteiligtenzahl, t\u00e4tliche Handlung und die konkrete Verletzungsfolge.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-objektiver-tatbestand\">objective elements of the offence<\/h2>\n\n<p>The objective element constitutes the <strong>external aspect<\/strong> of the event. It concerns <em>who, what, with what, what result<\/em> \u2013 and whether the action <strong>caused<\/strong> the outcome and is <strong>attributable<\/strong> to it. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-prufungsschritte\">Steps of legal assessment<\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Object of the offense:<\/strong> Any <strong>other living person<\/strong> involved in the altercation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Actus reus (Action):<\/strong> <strong>Mutual physical impact<\/strong>, such as <strong>hitting, pushing, kicking, or pressing<\/strong> \u2013 between <strong>at least three active participants<\/strong>. Merely watching or cheering is not sufficient. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Outcome of the offense:<\/strong> <strong>Injury or death<\/strong> of a participant as a result of the altercation. Even minor, medically verifiable injuries are sufficient. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Causation:<\/strong> One&#8217;s own contribution <strong>cannot be ruled out<\/strong> as a cause for the injury or death.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Objective Imputation:<\/strong> The outcome must stem <strong>from the risk inherent in the affray<\/strong>. Anyone participating in a <strong>confused brawl<\/strong> bears <strong>co-responsibility<\/strong> for the consequences. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-qualifizierende-umstande\">Qualifying Circumstances<\/h3>\n\n<p>In cases of affray, certain accompanying circumstances increase the legal significance of the act. It is not about mere participation in an altercation, but about the <strong>severity of the consequences<\/strong> and the <strong>nature of the collaboration<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Brawl with severe consequences<\/strong><br\/>If a <strong>mutual physical altercation<\/strong> occurs between at least three persons, leading to <strong>serious bodily harm<\/strong> or even the <strong>death of a participant<\/strong>, participation is given particular legal weight. <strong>Involvement in the incident<\/strong> is punishable, even if it is not established <strong>who specifically caused the harm<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Attack by multiple persons<\/strong><br\/>Beyond classic affray, the law also encompasses situations where <strong>several individuals attack together<\/strong>. It is sufficient for a person to participate <strong>actively and physically<\/strong> in such an attack. The decisive factor is that the action is <strong>not defensive or conciliatory<\/strong>, but rather <strong>aggressive and supportive<\/strong>. A joint attack by multiple individuals can occur even without a typical brawl \u2013 for instance, if several participants deliberately target a single person.   <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Brawls and attacks in security areas<\/strong><br\/>Of particular importance is<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296&amp;FassungVom=2025-11-05&amp;Artikel=&amp;Paragraf=91&amp;Anlage=&amp;Uebergangsrecht=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">  \u00a7 91 para. 2a of the Criminal Code <\/a>  in <strong>major sporting events<\/strong>. Anyone who participates in a <strong>security area<\/strong>, such as within or around a stadium, <strong>in a physical altercation or an attack by multiple persons<\/strong>, becomes punishable <strong>merely by participating<\/strong>. This provision aims to consistently curb violence in the context of sporting events.  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Exclusion of criminal liability in the absence of culpability<\/strong><br\/>A person is not criminally liable if they are <strong>unwillingly drawn into a brawl<\/strong> or only physically defend themselves <strong>in self-defense<\/strong>, without promoting the violence. In such cases, there is <strong>no participation fulfilling the elements of the offense<\/strong>. The decisive factor is whether the participant can be <strong>personally held criminally accountable<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/en\/about-us\/sebastian-riedlmair\/\" title=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/sr100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Sebastian Riedlmair<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Attorneys<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eRaufhandel ist keine gezielte K\u00f6rperverletzung, sondern die strafbare Teilnahme an kollektiver Gewalt.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abgrenzung-zu-anderen-delikten\">Distinction from other offences<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/bodily-harm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u00a7 83 of the Criminal Code \u2013 Bodily Harm:<\/strong> <\/a>Intentional injury to another person. Requires a targeted or at least knowingly accepted harm. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/severe-bodily-harm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 84 of the Criminal Code \u2013 Grievous Bodily Harm:<\/a><\/strong> If the act leads to prolonged health impairment or significant physical disabilities, it constitutes a qualification of simple bodily harm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/intentional-grievous-bodily-harm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 85 of the Criminal Code \u2013 Intentional Grievous Bodily Harm:<\/a><\/strong> The severe consequence is brought about <strong>intentionally<\/strong>; the perpetrator desires the serious injury.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/bodily-harm-resulting-in-death\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 86 of the Criminal Code \u2013 Bodily Harm Resulting in Death:<\/a><\/strong> The perpetrator <strong>intentionally inflicts injury<\/strong>, but death occurs <strong>unintentionally<\/strong> as a consequence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/negligent-bodily-harm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 88 of the Criminal Code \u2013 Negligent Bodily Harm:<\/a><\/strong> A <strong>breach of duty of care<\/strong> without intent. The perpetrator could have recognized and avoided the danger but disregarded it. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296&amp;FassungVom=2025-11-05&amp;Artikel=&amp;Paragraf=91&amp;Anlage=&amp;Uebergangsrecht=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 91 of the Criminal Code \u2013 Affray:<\/a><\/strong> Not a targeted bodily injury, but <strong>participation in a confused brawl<\/strong> involving <strong>at least three active participants<\/strong>. <strong>Involvement<\/strong> is already punishable if an <strong>injury or a fatality<\/strong> occurs and one&#8217;s own contribution <strong>cannot be ruled out<\/strong>. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<a class=\"mr-cta-link mr-cta-button-cal\" href=\"#h2-booking\" title=\"Free initial consultation\"><span class=\"mr-cta-link-normal\">Select your preferred appointment now:<\/span><span class=\"mr-cta-link-bold\">Free initial consultation<\/span><\/a>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-wichtige-abgrenzung\">Important Distinction:<\/h3>\n\n<p>Affray differs from bodily harm in that it punishes <strong>not a specific act against a particular person<\/strong>, but rather <strong>participation in a joint act of violence<\/strong>. A person who <strong>does not attack specifically<\/strong> but instead <strong>participates in a group brawl<\/strong> is also punishable, even if it remains unclear <strong>who caused the harm<\/strong>. The decisive factor is <strong>involvement in collective violence<\/strong> and not the individual act of injury.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-beweislast-amp-beweiswurdigung\">Burden of proof and evaluation of evidence<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Public Prosecutor&#8217;s Office:<\/strong> bears the burden of proof for the act, number of participants, outcome, causation, imputation, and, if applicable, qualifying characteristics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Court:<\/strong> orders and evaluates all evidence; unsuitable or unlawfully obtained evidence is inadmissible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Accused:<\/strong> no burden of proof; may point out alternative scenarios, gaps, and prohibitions on the use of evidence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Typical evidence:<\/strong> medical findings\/images, neutral witnesses, video\/CCTV\/bodycam, trace evidence, digital data (time\/location\/metadata), expert reconstructions.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/ueber-uns\/rechtsanwalt-peter-harlander\/\" title=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/ph100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Peter Harlander<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Rechtsanw\u00e4lte<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eTypische F\u00e4lle zeigen das Muster, kleine Details entscheiden oft \u00fcber Schuld oder Freispruch.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-praxisbeispiele\">Practical example<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Brawl in a bar:<\/strong> After an argument, several guests get into a fight. <strong>At least three people strike simultaneously<\/strong>, one person is injured. This constitutes <strong>affray<\/strong>, as several individuals are actively involved. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Altercation in the stadium:<\/strong> Rival fans get into a physical altercation in the <strong>security area<\/strong>. <strong>Mere participation<\/strong> already fulfills the elements of the offense under   <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296&amp;FassungVom=2025-11-05&amp;Artikel=&amp;Paragraf=91&amp;Anlage=&amp;Uebergangsrecht=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 91 para. 2a of the Criminal Code. <\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Group attack on a public street:<\/strong> Several youths <strong>jointly attack<\/strong> a person. The specific perpetrator of the injury remains unclear, yet <strong>all participants are jointly liable<\/strong>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scuffle at a village festival:<\/strong> After alcohol consumption, a verbal dispute escalates into an <strong>uncontrolled brawl<\/strong>. Since several people actively intervene and an injury occurs, this constitutes <strong>affray<\/strong>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Apparent self-defense:<\/strong> A person claims to have only defended themselves, but <strong>strikes back<\/strong>. In this case, it is not self-defense, but <strong>active participation in violence<\/strong>. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-subjektiver-tatbestand\">subjective elements of the offence<\/h2>\n\n<p>The subjective element of <strong>affray<\/strong> requires that the perpetrator participates <strong>intentionally or at least knowingly and physically<\/strong> in the altercation. It is sufficient if the person <strong>knows<\/strong> that it is a <strong>physical brawl involving multiple participants<\/strong> and nevertheless <strong>engages or actively participates<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Intent to injure someone<\/strong> is not required; the decisive factor is <strong>conscious participation in the act of violence<\/strong>. Therefore, anyone who recognizes that a situation is <strong>getting out of control<\/strong> and nevertheless <strong>continues to hit, push, or kick<\/strong>, acts with subjective culpability. <\/p>\n\n<p>If, however, someone participates <strong>only reflexively<\/strong> or <strong>merely in self-defense<\/strong>, without promoting violence, the internal criminal intent is absent. Similarly, criminal participation is excluded if the person does <strong>not voluntarily<\/strong> participate or has <strong>no control whatsoever<\/strong> over their behavior \u2013 for example, in an unpredictable crowd. <\/p>\n\n<p>The decisive factor is whether the perpetrator <strong>recognizes the possibility of escalation<\/strong> and <strong>nevertheless acts actively<\/strong>, thus <strong>knowingly accepting the risk<\/strong>.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/en\/about-us\/sebastian-riedlmair\/\" title=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/sr100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Sebastian Riedlmair<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Attorneys<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eEs braucht keine Verletzungsabsicht, die bewusste Teilnahme an der Schl\u00e4gerei reicht aus.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<a class=\"mr-cta-link mr-cta-button-cal\" href=\"#h2-booking\" title=\"Free initial consultation\"><span class=\"mr-cta-link-normal\">Select your preferred appointment now:<\/span><span class=\"mr-cta-link-bold\">Free initial consultation<\/span><\/a>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-schuld-amp-irrtumer\">Culpability and mistakes<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/legal-error\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mistake of Law<\/a>:<\/strong> Excused only if the mistake was <strong>unavoidable<\/strong>. Everyone is obliged to <strong>inform themselves about the legal situation<\/strong>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Principle of Guilt:<\/strong> Only those who act <strong>culpably<\/strong> are punishable; negligence presupposes the <strong>foreseeability and avoidability<\/strong> of the outcome.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lack of Criminal Responsibility:<\/strong> No guilt in cases of <strong>severe mental disorder<\/strong> or <strong>pathological impairment of control capacity<\/strong>. If there are indications, a <strong>forensic psychiatric report<\/strong> must be obtained. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/exculpatory-necessity\/\">Excusable Necessity<\/a>:<\/strong> Applies in cases where <strong>lawful conduct is unreasonable<\/strong> in an <strong>extreme predicament<\/strong>, such as when rendering aid or rescue would seriously endanger one&#8217;s own life.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/erroneous-assumption-of-justifying-circumstances\/\">Putative Self-Defense<\/a>:<\/strong> A mistake regarding the existence of a justification <strong>excludes intent<\/strong>, but leaves <strong>negligence<\/strong> unaffected if the breach of duty of care persists. Here too, the rule applies: anyone who acts with recognizable risk cannot invoke supposed justifications. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-strafaufhebung-amp-diversion\">Extinction of punishment and diversion<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rucktritt-vom-versuch\">Withdrawal from Attempt<\/h3>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/withdrawal-from-attempt\/\">withdrawal<\/a> is generally not possible in cases of <strong>affray<\/strong>, as the offense is already completed with <strong>active participation<\/strong>. However, a person who <g id=\"gid_3\">timely and unequivocally<\/g> <g id=\"gid_4\">withdraws<\/g> from the altercation, <g id=\"gid_5\">takes no further action<\/g>, and <g id=\"gid_6\">no longer promotes the incident<\/g>, may remain unpunished if the subsequent escalation <g id=\"gid_7\">can no longer be attributed<\/g> to them. The decisive factors are <strong>voluntariness<\/strong>, <strong>timing<\/strong>, and <strong>recognizable dissociation<\/strong> from the further course of events.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-diversion\">Diversion<\/h3>\n\n<p>Diversion may be considered if the <strong>culpability is minor<\/strong>, the <strong>facts are clear<\/strong>, and the accused is <strong>insightful<\/strong>. Possible measures include <strong>monetary payments<\/strong>, <strong>community service<\/strong>, <strong>probation assistance<\/strong>, or <strong>offender-victim mediation<\/strong>. If the proceedings are resolved through diversion, there is <strong>no conviction<\/strong> and <strong>no entry in the criminal register<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Diversion is excluded if the affray involves <strong>significant injuries<\/strong>, <strong>deliberate escalation<\/strong>, or <strong>endangerment of third parties<\/strong>. In other cases, with a <strong>confession, insight, and restitution<\/strong>, it can be an appropriate solution without a court conviction. <\/p>\n<a class=\"mr-cta-link mr-cta-button-cal\" href=\"#h2-booking\" title=\"Free initial consultation\"><span class=\"mr-cta-link-normal\">Select your preferred appointment now:<\/span><span class=\"mr-cta-link-bold\">Free initial consultation<\/span><\/a>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-strafzumessung-amp-folgen\">Sentencing and consequences<\/h2>\n\n<p>The severity of the penalty for <strong>affray<\/strong> depends on the <strong>extent of participation<\/strong>, the <strong>gravity of the consequences<\/strong>, and <strong>personal culpability<\/strong>. It is crucial whether the behavior was <strong>consciously aggressive<\/strong>, <strong>reckless<\/strong>, or merely due to <strong>momentary loss of control<\/strong>, and what <strong>injuries<\/strong> occurred. It is also relevant whether the accused <strong>could have avoided an escalation<\/strong> or <strong>knowingly accepted it<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Aggravating circumstances<\/strong> exist particularly when<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>participation occurred <strong>under the influence of alcohol or drugs<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the perpetrator <strong>consciously continued an ongoing altercation<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>previous acts of violence or warnings<\/strong> were already present,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>an <strong>aggressive or provocative attitude<\/strong> was discernible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Mitigating circumstances<\/strong> include, for example,<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>a clean record<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a <strong>confession or signs of remorse<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>verifiable restitution for damages<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>victim&#8217;s co-responsibility<\/strong>.<br\/>Also, <strong>exceptional psychological stress<\/strong> or an <strong>excessively long duration of proceedings<\/strong> can be considered mitigating factors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Austrian criminal law provides for the <strong>day-fine system<\/strong> for monetary penalties. The <strong>number of day-fines<\/strong> depends on the <strong>severity of guilt<\/strong>, while the <strong>individual day-fine amount<\/strong> is determined by <strong>income circumstances<\/strong>. This ensures that the monetary penalty is <strong>comparably impactful<\/strong> for all affected parties. If it is not paid, a <strong>substitute custodial sentence<\/strong> may be imposed.   <\/p>\n\n<p>A <strong>custodial sentence<\/strong> can be <strong>wholly or partially suspended<\/strong> if it <strong>does not exceed two years<\/strong> and a <strong>positive social prognosis<\/strong> exists. The convicted person then remains at liberty but must prove themselves during a <g id=\"gid_4\">probationary period of one to three years<\/g>. After this period, if all conditions are met, the sentence is considered <strong>finally suspended<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n<p>The court may also issue <strong>directives<\/strong>, for example, regarding <strong>restitution for damages<\/strong>, <strong>participation in anti-violence training<\/strong>, or <strong>therapy<\/strong>. Additionally, <strong>probation assistance<\/strong> may be ordered. These measures serve to <strong>prevent further acts of violence<\/strong> and promote <strong>long-term stabilization of the social environment<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-strafrahmen\">Penalty Range<\/h2>\n\n<p>In cases of <strong>affray<\/strong> and <strong>attack by multiple persons<\/strong>, the penalty depends on <strong>what consequences<\/strong> the altercation had and <strong>under what circumstances<\/strong> it took place. Active participation alone is sufficient for criminal liability, even if it remains unclear who delivered the actual blow. <\/p>\n\n<p>For an <strong>affray<\/strong> that causes <strong>bodily harm<\/strong>, the <strong>penalty is imprisonment for up to six months<\/strong> or a <strong>fine of up to 360 day-fines<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p>If the affray results in <strong>grievous bodily harm<\/strong>, a sentence of <strong>imprisonment for up to one year<\/strong> or a <strong>monetary penalty of up to 720 daily rates<\/strong> is threatened.<\/p>\n\n<p>If the altercation leads to <strong>the death of a person<\/strong>, the penalty increases to <strong>imprisonment for up to two years<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Participation in a brawl or an assault in a security area at major sporting events<\/strong> is considered particularly serious. Mere physical involvement is sufficient to be punished with <strong>imprisonment for up to one year<\/strong> or a <strong>monetary penalty of up to 720 daily rates<\/strong>, even if no one is injured. <\/p>\n\n<p>Thus, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10002296&amp;FassungVom=2025-11-05&amp;Artikel=&amp;Paragraf=91&amp;Anlage=&amp;Uebergangsrecht=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 91 of the Criminal Code<\/a> takes into account both the <strong>danger of collective violence<\/strong> and the <strong>severity of the consequences<\/strong>. While the penalties remain below those for intentional bodily harm, they do address the particular danger posed by uncontrolled mass brawls or group assaults. <\/p>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/ueber-uns\/rechtsanwalt-peter-harlander\/\" title=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/ph100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Peter Harlander<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Rechtsanw\u00e4lte<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eKurze Freiheitsstrafen werden oft ersetzt oder nachgesehen, Bew\u00e4hrung braucht Prognose und Auflagen.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-geldstrafe-tagessatzsystem\">Monetary Penalty \u2013 Day-fine System<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Range:<\/strong> up to <strong>720 daily rates<\/strong> (Number of daily rates = culpability; Amount\/day = financial capacity; min. \u20ac4.00, max. \u20ac5,000.00).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Practical Formula:<\/strong> 6 months imprisonment \u2248 <strong>360 daily rates<\/strong> (Guideline, not a fixed scheme).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uncollectibility:<\/strong> Substitute custodial sentence (generally applies: 1 day substitute custodial sentence = 2 daily rates).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-freiheitsstrafe-amp-teil-bedingte-nachsicht\">Imprisonment and (partially) suspended sentence<\/h2>\n\n<p>Section 37 StGB: If the <strong>statutory penalty provides for imprisonment of up to five year<\/strong>s, the court should impose a<strong> fine <\/strong><strong>instead of a short prison sentence of no more than one year.<\/strong> This provision is particularly relevant for the <strong>basic case of Section 83 of the Criminal Code<\/strong>, as it regularly avoids a custodial sentence, provided that neither special nor general preventive reasons preclude it.<\/p>\n\n<p>Section 43 StGB: A <strong>suspended prison sentence<\/strong> may be imposed if the sentence <strong>does not exceed two years <\/strong>and the convicted person is deemed to have a <strong>favourable social prognosis<\/strong>. The <strong>probation period<\/strong> ranges from <strong>one to three years.<\/strong> If it is completed without revocation, the sentence is considered finally suspended.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Section 43a StGB: <strong>Partial suspension<\/strong> allows a combination of <strong>unconditional and conditional parts of a sentence.<\/strong> For <strong>prison terms of more than six months and up to two years<\/strong>, part of the sentence may be suspended or replaced by a <strong>fine of up to seven hundred and twenty day-fines <\/strong>if this appears appropriate in light of the circumstances. <\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/criminal-law\/probation-assistance-and-instructions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sections 50 to 52 StGB:<\/a> The court may also issue <strong>instructions <\/strong>and order <strong>probationary supervision<\/strong>. Typical instructions<strong> concern restitution,<\/strong> <strong>therapy, <\/strong><strong>contact or residence prohibitions, and measures aimed at social stabilisation.<\/strong> The objective is to prevent further offences and to promote lasting compliance with the law.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-zustandigkeit-der-gerichte\">Jurisdiction of the courts<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sachliche-zustandigkeit\">Subject-matter Jurisdiction<\/h3>\n\n<p>Cases of <strong>affray<\/strong> fall under different court jurisdictions depending on the <strong>severity of the offense<\/strong>. For the <strong>basic offense<\/strong> involving <strong>simple bodily harm<\/strong>, the <strong>District Court<\/strong> decides through a <strong>single judge<\/strong>. If there is <strong>grievous bodily harm<\/strong> or <strong>death<\/strong>, the <strong>Regional Court<\/strong> is competent, also with a <strong>single judge<\/strong>. A <strong>lay assessors&#8217; or jury court<\/strong> is not provided for, as the <strong>maximum penalty is two years imprisonment<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ortliche-zustandigkeit\">Local Jurisdiction<\/h3>\n\n<p>Generally, the <strong>court of the place of offense<\/strong> is competent, i.e., the one in whose territory the <strong>brawl<\/strong> took place. In the event of <strong>injury or death<\/strong>, the <strong>court of the place where the consequences occurred<\/strong> may also be competent. If the <strong>place of offense<\/strong> cannot be clearly determined, jurisdiction is determined by the <strong>defendant&#8217;s domicile<\/strong>, the <strong>place of arrest<\/strong>, or the <strong>seat of the public prosecutor&#8217;s office<\/strong>. The proceedings are conducted where it appears <strong>most expedient<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-instanzenzug\">Hierarchy of Courts<\/h3>\n\n<p>Appeals against judgments of the <strong>District Court<\/strong> are permissible to the <strong>Regional Court<\/strong>. Decisions of the <strong>Regional Court<\/strong> can be challenged with an <strong>appeal or a plea of nullity<\/strong> before the <strong>Higher Regional Court<\/strong> or the <strong>Supreme Court<\/strong>. <\/p>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/en\/about-us\/sebastian-riedlmair\/\" title=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/sr100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Sebastian Riedlmair<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Attorneys<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eVom Verdacht bis zum Urteil gilt Ordnung, Rechte nutzen, Fristen halten, Beweise sichern.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-zivilanspruche-im-strafverfahren\">Civil claims in criminal proceedings<\/h2>\n\n<p>In cases of <strong>affray<\/strong>, injured persons or surviving dependents can assert <strong>civil claims<\/strong> directly within the criminal proceedings. These include, for example, <strong>medical and treatment costs<\/strong>, <strong>pain and suffering compensation<\/strong>, <strong>loss of earnings<\/strong>, or in cases of death, also <strong>funeral expenses<\/strong>, <strong>loss of maintenance<\/strong>, and <strong>emotional distress<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n<p>Through the <strong>joinder of a private party<\/strong>, the <strong>statute of limitations<\/strong> for these claims is <strong>suspended<\/strong> for the duration of the criminal proceedings. Only when the criminal proceedings are concluded does the period resume, provided the claim has <strong>not been fully awarded<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n<p>A <strong>voluntary compensation for damages<\/strong> or an <strong>agreement with the injured party or their relatives<\/strong> can have a <strong>mitigating effect on the sentence<\/strong> if it occurs <strong>timely, honestly, and comprehensibly<\/strong>. However, if <strong>particularly aggressive or communally dangerous behavior<\/strong> is determined, this circumstance generally loses its <strong>sentence-mitigating effect<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<a class=\"mr-cta-link mr-cta-button-cal\" href=\"#h2-booking\" title=\"Free initial consultation\"><span class=\"mr-cta-link-normal\">Select your preferred appointment now:<\/span><span class=\"mr-cta-link-bold\">Free initial consultation<\/span><\/a>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-strafverfahren-im-uberblick\">Overview of criminal proceedings<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>tart of investigation: <\/strong>formal suspect status upon concrete suspicion; from that point onward, full rights of the accused apply.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Police \/ Public Prosecutor: <\/strong>the public prosecutor directs the proceedings, the criminal police conduct the investigation; objective: dismissal of the case, diversion, or indictment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interrogation of the accused: <\/strong>prior instruction on rights; involvement of a defense attorney leads to postponement; right to remain silent remains unaffected.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Access to the case file:<\/strong> available at the police, public prosecutor\u2019s office, or court; also includes evidence items (insofar as the purpose of the investigation is not jeopardized).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Main hearing:<\/strong> oral taking of evidence and judgment; decision on civil claims joined to the criminal proceedings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-beschuldigtenrechte\">Rights of the accused<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Information &amp; defense: <\/strong>right to notification, legal aid, free choice of defense counsel, translation assistance, and submission of evidence motions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Silence &amp; counsel:<\/strong> right to remain silent at any time; if a defense attorney is requested, the interrogation must be postponed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Duty to inform:<\/strong> prompt notification of suspicion and rights; exceptions only permitted to safeguard the purpose of the investigation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Practical access to files:<\/strong> investigation and trial records; access by third parties is restricted to protect the accused.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/ueber-uns\/rechtsanwalt-peter-harlander\/\" title=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/ph100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Peter Harlander<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Rechtsanw\u00e4lte<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eRuhe bewahren, nichts posten, Beweise sichern, erst sprechen, wenn die Akten bekannt sind.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<a class=\"mr-cta-link mr-cta-button-cal\" href=\"#h2-booking\" title=\"Free initial consultation\"><span class=\"mr-cta-link-normal\">Select your preferred appointment now:<\/span><span class=\"mr-cta-link-bold\">Free initial consultation<\/span><\/a>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-praxis-amp-verhaltenstipps\">Practical guidance and behavioural advice<\/h2>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maintain silence.<\/strong><br\/>A brief statement is sufficient: \u201cI am exercising my right to remain silent and will first speak with my defense counsel.\u201d<br\/>This right applies from the very first interrogation by the police or the public prosecutor. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contact defense counsel immediately.<\/strong><br\/>No statement should be made without access to the investigation files. Only after reviewing the files can the defense assess which strategy and evidence preservation measures are appropriate. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secure evidence immediately.<\/strong><br\/>Obtain medical reports; take photographs with date and scale and, where appropriate, X-ray or CT images. Store clothing, objects, and digital records separately. Prepare a witness list and contemporaneous recollection notes within two days at the latest.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Do not contact the opposing party.<\/strong><br\/>Your own messages, calls, or posts may be used as evidence against you. All communication should take place exclusively through your defense counsel. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secure video and data recordings in time.<\/strong><br\/>Surveillance videos from public transport, venues, or property management systems are often automatically deleted after only a few days. Requests for data preservation must therefore be submitted immediately to the operators, the police, or the public prosecutor\u2019s office. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Document searches and seizures.<br\/>In cases of house searches or seizures, you should request a copy of the warrant or record. Note the date, time, persons involved, and all items taken. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In case of arrest: make no statements about the matter.<\/strong><br\/>Insist on immediate notification of your defense counsel. Pre-trial detention may only be imposed if there is strong suspicion of guilt and an additional ground for detention. Less severe measures (e.g., pledge, reporting duty, contact ban) must take precedence.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepare compensation for damages strategically.<br\/>Payments or offers of reparation should be handled and documented exclusively through defense counsel. Structured compensation for damages has a positive effect on diversion and sentencing. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/en\/about-us\/sebastian-riedlmair\/\" title=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/sr100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Attorney Sebastian Riedlmair\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Sebastian Riedlmair<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Attorneys<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eObjektive Befunde, neutrale Zeugen und gesicherte Videodaten tragen das Verfahren \u2013 nicht Vermutungen oder Erkl\u00e4rchats.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ihre-vorteile-mit-anwaltlicher-unterstutzung\">Your Benefits with Legal Assistance<\/h2>\n\n<p>Proceedings for <strong>affray<\/strong> are among the more serious cases in the realm of bodily harm offenses. Such situations often begin spontaneously, for example, due to provocations or group dynamics. What was intended as a brief altercation can quickly escalate and have serious legal consequences. Even <strong>mere participation in a brawl<\/strong> can lead to a conviction, even if one has <strong>not struck a blow<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n<p>The legal assessment heavily depends on <strong>how actively someone was involved<\/strong>, <strong>what consequences arose<\/strong>, and <strong>whether a retreat would have been possible<\/strong>. Even small differences in witness statements, video recordings, or medical findings can be decisive. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Early legal representation<\/strong> is therefore essential. It helps to reconstruct the actual course of events, secure evidence in a timely manner, and correct inaccurate representations. Especially in group altercations, there is a high risk of <strong>false attribution of responsibility<\/strong> if the situation was unclear.  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Our law firm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>examines whether criminal involvement actually exists or whether you were merely drawn into the situation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>analyzes police reports, video recordings, and witness statements for inconsistencies,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>supports you throughout the entire investigation and court proceedings,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>develops a defense strategy that realistically and comprehensibly presents your role in the events,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and resolutely represents your rights before the police, public prosecutor&#8217;s office, and court.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Experienced criminal defense<\/strong> ensures that spontaneous reactions, defensive actions, or confusions are not prematurely considered participation in affray. It ensures that your perspective is heard and that the proceedings are conducted in a <strong>legally fair and objectively balanced<\/strong> manner. Thus, you receive a <strong>defense with a clear structure and personal strategy<\/strong> that comprehensively safeguards your interests and aims for a <strong>just outcome<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n    <div class=\"mr-quote mrbg clearfix\">\n        <a class=\"mr-quote-person\" href=\"\/ueber-uns\/rechtsanwalt-peter-harlander\/\" title=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mr-quote-person-img\" src=\"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/themes\/harlander\/design\/ph100.webp\" width=\"100\"\n                 height=\"100\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Rechtsanwalt Peter Harlander\">\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-text\">\n            Peter Harlander<br>\n            <span class=\"mr-quote-person-function\">Harlander &amp; Partner Rechtsanw\u00e4lte<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <span class=\"mr-quote-content\">\u201eMachen Sie <strong>keine inhaltlichen Aussagen ohne vorherige R\u00fccksprache mit Ihrer Verteidigung<\/strong>. Sie haben jederzeit das Recht zu schweigen und eine Anw\u00e4ltin oder einen Anwalt beizuziehen. Dieses Recht gilt bereits bei der ersten polizeilichen Kontaktaufnahme. Erst nach <strong>Akteneinsicht<\/strong> l\u00e4sst sich kl\u00e4ren, ob und welche Einlassung sinnvoll ist.\u201c<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<a class=\"mr-cta-link mr-cta-button-cal\" href=\"#h2-booking\" title=\"Free initial consultation\"><span class=\"mr-cta-link-normal\">Select your preferred appointment now:<\/span><span class=\"mr-cta-link-bold\">Free initial consultation<\/span><\/a>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faq-haufig-gestellte-fragen\">FAQ &#8211; Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq uagb-faq__outer-wrap uagb-block-FAQ-RAUFHANDEL uagb-faq-icon-row uagb-faq-layout-accordion uagb-faq-expand-first-true uagb-faq-inactive-other-true uagb-faq__wrap uagb-buttons-layout-wrap uagb-faq-equal-height     \" data-faqtoggle=\"true\" role=\"tablist\"><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/harlander-partner.eu\\\/en\\\/criminal-law\\\/affray\\\/\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What legally constitutes affray?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Affray occurs when at least three persons participate in a mutual physical altercation. Mere physical involvement is sufficient if someone is injured or killed and one's own contribution cannot be ruled out. \"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Am I also liable to punishment if I was merely present?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mere observation or accidental presence is not sufficient. Only those who actively participate or contribute to the escalation through their behavior are liable to punishment. Anyone who merely attempts to protect themselves does not commit affray.  \"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does it matter who caused the injury?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. In affray, it is crucial that the injury or death occurred during the altercation and that one's own contribution to it cannot be ruled out. Therefore, it does not have to be established who struck the blow.  \"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What happens if I try to stop the brawl?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Anyone who demonstrably leaves the altercation or intervenes to mediate is not liable to punishment. It is important that you withdraw in a timely and unambiguous manner and do not take any further actions that could promote violence. \"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the penalty for affray?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The penalty depends on the consequences. For simple bodily harm, up to six months imprisonment or a monetary penalty is threatened; for grievous injuries, up to one year; and for fatal consequences, up to two years. In altercations within security areas at sporting events, mere participation can already be punished.  \"}}]}<\/script><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-RAUFHANDEL-Q1 \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\">What legally constitutes affray?<\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>Affray occurs when at least three persons participate in a mutual physical altercation. Mere physical involvement is sufficient if someone is injured or killed and one&#8217;s own contribution cannot be ruled out. <\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-RAUFHANDEL-Q2 \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\">Am I also liable to punishment if I was merely present?<\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>Mere observation or accidental presence is not sufficient. Only those who actively participate or contribute to the escalation through their behavior are liable to punishment. Anyone who merely attempts to protect themselves does not commit affray.  <\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-RAUFHANDEL-Q3 \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\">Does it matter who caused the injury?<\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>No. In affray, it is crucial that the injury or death occurred during the altercation and that one&#8217;s own contribution to it cannot be ruled out. Therefore, it does not have to be established who struck the blow.  <\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-RAUFHANDEL-Q4 \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\">What happens if I try to stop the brawl?<\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>Anyone who demonstrably leaves the altercation or intervenes to mediate is not liable to punishment. It is important that you withdraw in a timely and unambiguous manner and do not take any further actions that could promote violence. <\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-RAUFHANDEL-Q5 \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\">What is the penalty for affray?<\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>The penalty depends on the consequences. For simple bodily harm, up to six months imprisonment or a monetary penalty is threatened; for grievous injuries, up to one year; and for fatal consequences, up to two years. In altercations within security areas at sporting events, mere participation can already be punished.  <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><a class=\"mr-cta-link mr-cta-button-cal\" href=\"#h2-booking\" title=\"Free initial consultation\"><span class=\"mr-cta-link-normal\">Select your preferred appointment now:<\/span><span class=\"mr-cta-link-bold\">Free initial consultation<\/span><\/a>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Affray Affray, as defined by \u00a7 91 of the Criminal Code, is a physical altercation involving mutual acts of violence, in which at least three persons are involved. Participation is &#8230;","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":29139,"parent":40715,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31624","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-criminal-law"],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel.webp",1920,1080,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-100x100.webp",100,100,true],"medium":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-800x450.webp",800,450,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel.webp",1920,1080,false],"large":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel.webp",1920,1080,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel.webp",1536,864,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel.webp",1920,1080,false],"336x":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-336x189.webp",336,189,true],"352x":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-352x198.webp",352,198,true],"woocommerce_thumbnail":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-300x300.webp",300,300,true],"woocommerce_single":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-600x338.webp",600,338,true],"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-100x100.webp",100,100,true],"yarpp-thumbnail":["https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u00a791-Raufhandel-120x120.webp",120,120,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Simon Prem","author_link":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/author\/simon-prem\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Affray Affray, as defined by \u00a7 91 of the Criminal Code, is a physical altercation involving mutual acts of violence, in which at least three persons are involved. Participation is ...","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31624","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31624"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31624\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40715"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29139"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harlander-partner.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}